With recent HIV vaccine efficacy trials showing no efficacy, the difficulties in developing a vaccine have been highlighted, leading to an opportunity to rethink future trials and research directions. While different strategies are underway, an important point of reflection is the definition of target populations. Indeed, clinical trials of HIV vaccination are almost exclusively carried out in adult populations. However, data from other vaccine trials highlights that the effectiveness of vaccination could be much higher in younger populations. Monitoring data from populations of children living with HIV show that neutralization breadth and potency are higher in children living with HIV than in adults living with HIV. In children living with HIV in these studies, the functions mediated by the constant fragment (Fc) fraction of antibodies are also more effective than in adults. Furthermore, experiments performed in non-human primates (NHP) models indicate that younger animals respond better to vaccination suggesting that younger subjects may be the optimal target for future HIV vaccination. Join the IAS Global HIV Vaccine Enterprise (GHVE) in this satellite to describe i) recent data on HIV immune response in young children (cohort study) ii) results of vaccination strategies for young individuals in the NHP model iii) available data on ongoing HIV vaccination trials in children but also to discuss the ethical and regulatory challenges of including children in clinical trials with a focus on discovery medicine and the future acceptance of vaccination in children. This session is addressed at the pharmaceutical industry, academic researchers, community representatives, advocacy organizations, funders, policymakers, and regulatory authorities.